Intelligent neuroprostheses represent the next phase in the evolution of devices integrated with the brain to assist or alter human sensory, motor, cognitive, and affective capacities. These devices include "read-out" systems which detect, interpret, and translate neural signals for applications such as allowing a paralyzed person to move a robotic arm or cursor. They also include “write-in” systems which deliver signals or stimulation to the brain to affect thinking, emotions, and the ability to move. What makes a neuroprosthesis intelligent is that it incorporates artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to better adapt to the brain's activity. This is characterized by mutual adaptation where both the "user" and the device continuously change in response to each other over time.

The rate of development of AI-based neurotechnologies is far outpacing our understanding of its ethical consequences. It's also pushing past their limits legal regimes whose job it is to regulate such technologies. The incorporation of AI elements like deep learning can make it hard to predict and control these systems, and even hard to understand what they are doing at all. This raises unprecedented transparency and accountability issues. Mixed in are the psychological implications of write-in devices which can directly influence the cognition (mind?) of the owner.

The Hybrid Minds project aims to lay the foundation for a unified theoretical approach to the ethical-legal assessment of intelligent neuroprostheses. The approach is informed by the experiences and perspectives of users as well as dialogue with the neuroengineering community and other key stakeholders.

What AI elements should future neuroprostheses incorporate, or rather leave out
?
What technical design choices or legal/regulatory measures are required to proceed safely and ethically
?
How can we support patients who need to decide whether to accept such a device, helping them to steer around overblown hopes and to know "what it's like" to have a hybrid mind
?

Journal Articles & Book Chapters

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Bublitz, J. C. (2024). What an International Declaration on Neurotechnologies and Human Rights Could Look like: Ideas, Suggestions, Desiderata. AJOB Neuroscience, 15(2), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512

Jotterand, F., & Ienca, M. (Eds.). (2023). The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement (1st ed.). Routledge.

Bublitz, C., Gilbert, F., & Soekadar, S. R. (2023). Concerns with the promotion of deep brain stimulation for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nature Medicine. 29(1), 18-18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02087-5

Haslacher, D., Narang, A., Sokoliuk, R., Cavallo, A., Reber, P., Nasr, K., ... & Soekadar, S. R. (2023). In vivo phase-dependent enhancement and suppression of human brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). NeuroImage. 275, 120187. https://doi.org/10.17632/chvcccgbxm.2

Milford, S. R., Shaw, D., & Starke, G. (2023). Playing Brains: The Ethical Challenges Posed by Silicon Sentience and Hybrid Intelligence in DishBrain. Science and Engineering Ethics. 29(6), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-023-00457-x

Starke, G., D’Imperio, A., & Ienca, M. (2023). Out of their minds? Externalist challenges for using AI in forensic psychiatry. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1209862. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1209862

Starke, G., Elger, B. S., & De Clercq, E. (2023). Machine learning and its impact on psychiatric nosology: Findings from a qualitative study among German and Swiss experts. Philosophy and the Mind Sciences (PhiMiSci), 4. https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2023.9435

Gilbert, F., Ienca, M., & Cook, M. (2023). How I became myself after merging with a computer: Does human-machine symbiosis raise human rights issues?. Brain Stimulation, 16(3), 783-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.016

Ienca, M. (2023). Don’t pause giant AI for the wrong reasons. Nature Machine Intelligence, 5(5), 470-471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00649-x

Ienca, M. (2023). On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation. Topoi, 42(3), 833-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09940-3

Ligthart, S., Bublitz, C., & Alegre, S. (2023). Neurotechnology: we need new laws, not new rights. Nature, 620(7976), 950. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02698-z

Bublitz, J.C. (2023). Unforeseen side-effects of the novel regulation of non-medical brain stimulation devices in the European Union. Brain Stimulation, 16, 701 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.008

Bublitz, J.C. & Gilbert, F. (2023). Legal aspects of unwanted device explantations: A comment on the patient R case. Brain Stimulation, 10, 6, 1425 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.008

Soekadar, S. R., Vermehren, M., Colucci, A., Haslacher, D., Bublitz, C., Ienca, M., ... & Blankertz, B. (2023). Future developments in brain/neural–computer interface technology. In Policy, Identity, and Neurotechnology: The Neuroethics of Brain-Computer Interfaces (pp. 65-85). Cham: Springer International Publishing.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26801-4_5

Wong, J.K., Mayberg, H.S., Wang, D.D., Richardson, R.M., Halpern, C., Krinke, L., Arlotti, M., Rossi, L., Priori, A., Marceglia, S., Gilron, R., Cavanagh, J.F., Judy, J.W., Miocinovic, S., Devergnas, A., Sillitoe, R.V., Cernera, S., Oehrn, C.R., Gunduz, A., Goodman, W., Petersen, E., Bronte-Stewart, H.M., Raike, R.S., Malekmohammadi, M., Greene, D., Heiden, P., Tan, H., Volkmann, J., Voon, V., Li, L., Sah, P., Coyne, T., Silburn, P.A., Kubu, C., Wexler, A., Chandler, J.A., Provenza, N.R., Heilbronner, S.R., Luciano, M.S., Rozell, C.J., Fox, M.D., de Hemptinne, C., Henderson, J., Sheth, S.A. & Okun, M.S. (2023). Proceedings of the 10th Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Cutting Edge Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Neuromodulation, Neuroethics, Interventional Psychiatry and Women in Neuromodulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: Brain Imaging and Stimulation 16:1084782 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1084782

Bublitz, J.C. (2022). Might Artificial Intelligence Become Part of the Person, and What are the Key Ethical and Legal Implications?. AI & Society.

Starke, G. & Ienca, M. (2022). Misplaced Trust and Distrust: How Not to Engage with Medical Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1-10. doi:10.1017/S0963180122000445

Starke, G. & Poppe, C. (2022). Karl Jaspers and Artificial Neural Nets: On the Relation of Explaining and Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. Ethics and Information Technology. 24, 26.

Bublitz, J.C. (2022). Novel Neurorights: From Nonsense to Substance. Neuroethics 15:7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09481-3

Bublitz J.C., Chandler J.A & Ienca M.  (2022). Human-machine Symbiosis and the Hybrid Mind:   Implications for Ethics, Law and Human Rights. In Ienca, M., Pollicino, O., Liguori, L., Andorno, R. & Stefanini, E. (eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press. pp. 286-303.

Chandler, J.A., van der Loos, K., Boehnke, S., Buchman, D.Z., Beaudry, J.S., & Illes, J. (2022). Brain Computer Interfaces and Communication Disabilities: Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Decoding Speech from the Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2022.841035

Chandler, J.A., van der Loos, K., Boehnke, S., Buchman, D.Z., Beaudry, J.S. & Illes, J. (2021). Building Communications Neurotechnology for High Stakes Communications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 22, 587-588.

Soekadar, S., Chandler, J.A., Ienca, M. & Bublitz, J.C. (2021). On the Verge of the Hybrid Mind. Morals and Machines. 1(1). pp.30-43.

Basaran Akmazoglu, T. & Chandler, J.A. (2021).  Mapping the Emerging Legal Landscape for Neuroprostheses: Human Interests and Legal Resources. In Hevia, M. (ed), Regulating Neuroscience: Transnational Legal Challenges, (Vol 4. pp. 63-98). Elsevier.

Ienca, M. (2020). On Neurorights. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Blog Posts

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Ligthart, S. & Bublitz, C. (2022, June 3). Are New Human Rights Needed for Neurotechnologies?. Neuroethics & Law Blog.

Bublitz, C. (2022, March 1). The International Bioethics Committee’s Report on Neurotechnologies and the Problems with Neurorights. Neuroethics & Law Blog.

Basaran Akmazoglu, T. & Chandler, J.A. (2021, June 8). Is the Law Ready for Emerging Neuroprostheses?. The Neuroethics Blog.

Presentations

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Soekadar, S.R. (2023, March 2). Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology (DGKN). Towards clinical applications of adaptive closed-loop tACS. Hamburg, Germany.

Soekadar, S.R. (2023, September 2). A dialogue between Artificial Intelligence and Brain: which perspective? [Keynote lecture]. European Congress of NeuroRehabilitation. Lyon, France.

Soekadar, S.R. (2023, October 27). Neuromagnetic brain/neural-machine interfaces for restoration of motor function and beyond. [Conference Presentation]. MEG-UKI 2023 Conference. Dublin, Ireland.

Chandler, J.A. (2023, December 8). Brain stimulation: Legal and ethical issues related to established and emerging neuromodulation therapies. 7th Annual Keith Brownell Lecture in Medical Ethics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

Chandler, J.A. (2023, October 9). Ulysses contracts and neurotechnology: Addressing unintended mental and behavioural effects of neuromodulation. Centre for Life Ethics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Chandler, J.A. (2023, February 19-22). Brain Stimulation Law. [Invited Plenary Presentation]. 5th International Brain Stimulation Conference. Lisbon, Portugal

Chandler, J.A. (2023, May 16). Canadian Strategies for Responsible Neurotechnology Innovation. [Virtual Panel Presentation]. Canadian Science Policy Centre – Science Policy Series

Ienca, M. (2023, November 16). Digital Manipulation Risks in the Light of Neurorights. [Keynote Speech]. European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/events/details/neurotechnology-and-neurorights-privacy-/20231019WKS05721

Soekadar, S.R. (2023, November 1). Einstein in the dome: Wer kontrolliert hier wen? Eine Reise an die Schnittstelle von Gehirn. [Presentation and discussion at the Berlin Science Week]. Künstlicher Intelligenz und Robotik. Berlin, Germany.

Ienca, M. (2023, November 15). Human-AI Symbiosis and the Quest for Neurorights. TEDx Talk. Rome, Italy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVbiy9OiaHY

Chandler, J.A. (2023, December 6).  What’s on your mind? Neurotechnology and Mental Privacy. Info Matters Podcast. Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario. https://www.ipc.on.ca/podcast/s3-episode-8-whats-on-your-mind-neurotechnology-and-mental-privacy/

Ienca, M.  (2023, November 20). Interview with Radio Sapienza, Sapienza University, Italy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JbBQXJJSzY

Starke, G. (2023, May 24). From neuroethics to AI ethics and back: the curious case of the DishBrain. Talk at Pint of Science. Basel, Switzerland.

Basaran Akmazoglu, T. (2023, October 2-3). From Persons and Things to the Symbiosis of Persons and Smart Things: Anticipating the Legal Conceptualization of BCI-controlled Prostheses. Beyond Boundaries: Persons, (Bio)Technologies, & the Law Workshop co-organized by the Hybrid Minds and Everyday Cyborgs 2.0. Wales, UK.

Starke, G. & Ienca, M. (2022, November 1-4). Misplaced Trust and Distrust: How Not to Engage with Medical Artificial Intelligence. [Poster Presentation]. International Neuroethics Society Annual Meeting. Montreal, Canada.

Basaran Akmazoglu, T. (2022, November 1-4). Heeding BCI Users’ Needs and Preferences in Regulatory Decision-Making: Where Do We stand? What Next?. [Poster Presentation]. International Neuroethics Society Annual Meeting. Montreal, Canada.

Colucci, A., Vermehren, M., Buthut, M., Finkbeiner, F. & Soekadar, S.R. (2022, October 10-11). A taxonomy of neurotechnologies enabling the notion of a hybrid mind [Conference Presentation]. 3rd Neuroadaptive Technology Conference. Lübbenau, Germany

Basaran Akmazoglu, T. & Chandler, J.A. (2022, September 14-16). Embedding Translation and Interpretation Ethics into Speech Neuroprostheses [Poster Presentation]. We Robot Conference 2022. University of Washington, Seattle, USA.

Bublitz, J. C. (2022, June 30- July 1). Hybrid Minds: Can Artificial Intelligence become part of the person, and what would this imply? [Conference Presentation]. Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence. Munich, Germany.

Colucci, A., Vermehren, M., Finkbeiner, F., Buthut, M. & Soekadar, S.R. (2022, June 30- July 1). A taxonomy of neurotechnologies to encompass the concept of a hybrid mind [Conference Presentation]. Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence. Munich, Germany.

Ienca, M. & Starke, G. (2022, June 30- July 1). The phenomenology of neuroprostheses: A scoping review of qualitative studies involving users of brain-computer interfaces. [Conference Presentation]. Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence. Munich, Germany.

Chandler, J.A. (2022, June 30 to July 1). Neurotechnological Ulysses:  Responsibility of self-control and adaptive neuromodulation. [Conference Presentation] Neurotechnology Meets Artificial Intelligence. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany.

Chandler, J.A. (2022, June 3). Legal Issues Related to Psychiatric Surgery. American Society of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (ASSFN) Premeeting Symposium. Atlanta, USA.

Chandler, J.A. (2022, May 10). Neurotechnology for Assisted Communication: Legal Issues for Witnesses, Consent, and Harmful Speech. Law and Biosciences Workshop. Stanford Law School and Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences. Palo Alto, USA.

Chandler, J.A. & Basaran Akmazoglu, T. (2021, December 21). The legal landscape for neuroprostheses: A map of human interests and legal resources [Virtual Conference Presentation]. Neurotechnology, Criminal Law and Human Rights: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. University of Sydney Law School, Sydney, Australia.

Chandler J.A. (2021, December 6-10). The Legal Landscape for Neuroprostheses:  A Map of Human Interests and Legal Resources. [Virtual Conference Presentation] III International Colloquium on Philosophy of Neuroscience:  Free Will, Agency and their Ethical Implications, ANPOF Work Group on Philosophy of Neuroscience, Cognition, X-Phi and Neuroethics, Rio de Janeiro.

Chandler J.A. (2021, November 9). Neuroprostheses and the Law. [Virtual Conference Presentation] David Kopf Lecture on Neuroethics, Annual Meeting, Society for Neuroscience. Chicago, USA.

Coordinator

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Jennifer Chandler

Jennifer Chandler

Professor of Law
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Canada

Jennifer A Chandler holds the Bertram Loeb Research Chair at the University of Ottawa, and is a Professor in the Faculty of Law, cross-appointed to the Faculty of  Medicine. Her research focuses on the legal and ethical aspects of biomedical science and technology, with a focus on the brain sciences. She also works on legal policy related to organ donation and transplantation, and mental health law and policy. She is active in Canadian neuroscience research funding policy, and currently sits as a member of the Advisory Board for the Institute for Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (a division of the Canadian national health science research funding body). Chandler regularly contributes to Canadian governmental policy on contentious matters of biomedicine. She was a member of the government-commissioned National Expert Panel on Medical Assistance in Dying, addressing the question of access to medical assistance in dying for people with solely psychiatric conditions. She is currently co-chairing the law and ethics working group of CBS (the federal Canadian agency overseeing the organ, tissue and blood donation system for Canada) looking at the legal definition of brain death and criteria for determination of brain death. She is a former acting director of the Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics at the University of Ottawa, and a former elected member of the Board of Directors of the International Neuroethics Society.

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Co-Leads

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Christoph Bublitz

Christoph Bublitz

Legal Scholar
Universität Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany

The research interests of Christoph Bublitz, a legal scholar at the Faculty of Law, Universität Hamburg, comprise criminal law, human rights law, legal philosophy, and ethics. He has worked extensively on the legal regulation of the human mind as well as questions of neuroethics. He is the author of over 50 scholarly articles and co-edited 5 books. The latest, The Law and Ethics of Freedom of Thought appears in the Palgrave Series on Law, Neuroscience, and Human Behavior, which he co-founded. He is an associate editor of the journal Neuroethics and was awarded several prizes for his research. In the Hybrid Mind project, he is most interested in controversies and political struggles over the boundaries of the human body, the mind, and the person, as well as underlying legal principles and categorizations.

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Marcello Ienca

Marcello Ienca

Principal Investigator, College of Humanities
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Lausanne, Switzerland

Dr Marcello Ienca is a Principal Investigator at the College of Humanities at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne where he leads the Intelligent Systems Ethics research group. Dr Ienca's scholarship focuses on the ethical implications of emerging technologies. In particular, he investigates the broader implications of new (and often converging) sociotechnical trends such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, digital epidemiology, robotics, assisted living, digital health, social media, and neurotechnology. Dr Ienca is an appointed member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Steering Committee on Neurotechnology and an expert advisor to the Council of Europe’s Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence and the Bioethics Committee. Ienca is a member of the Editorial Board of several academic journals such as Neuroethics, Bioethica Forum, Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. His research was featured in academic journals such as Neuron, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Machine Intelligence, Nature Medicine, the Journal of Medical Ethics and media outlets such as Nature, The New Yorker, The Guardian, The Times, Die Welt, The Independent, the Financial Times and others.

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Surjo Soekadar

Surjo Soekadar

Einstein Professor of Clinical Neurotechnology
Charité – Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Germany

Surjo R. Soekadar, M.D. is Einstein Professor of Clinical Neurotechnology and head of the Research Division – Translation and Neurotechnology at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. After studying in Mainz, Heidelberg and Baltimore, he became resident physician at the University of Tübingen. From 2009-2011, he was fellow at the Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke Neurorehabilititation Section (HCPS) at the National Institutes of Health, USA. In 2017, he received the venia legendi in psychiatry and psychotherapy. In 2020, he founded the Centre for Translational Neuromodulation at the Charité to foster clinical adoption of innovative neurotechnologies improving quality of life across various brain disorders.

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Collaborators

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Kostas Kostarelos

Kostas Kostarelos

Professor of Nanomedicine
University of Manchester
Manchester, U.K.

Professor Kostas Kostarelos read Chemistry at the University of Leeds and obtained his Diploma and PhD in Chemical Engineering from Imperial College London. He joined the research staff and faculty of medical schools in the USA (UCSF, CA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering, NY; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY) and biomedical research institutions in the UK (Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, UCL School of Pharmacy). Kostas became the first named Chair of Nanomedicine in the UK (in 2007 at UCL) and was Professorial Fellow, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) in 2010. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). He is currently Professor of Nanomedicine at the University of Manchester (www.nanomedicinelab.com) and a Severo Ochoa Distinguished Professor at the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (ICN2) in Barcelona, Spain (www.icn2.cat/nanomedicine).

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Postdoctoral Fellows

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Maria Buthut

Maria Buthut

Post Doctoral Researcher
Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Berlin, Germany

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Georg Starke

Georg Starke

Postdoctoral Fellow, Intelligent Systems Ethics
EPFL
Lausanne, Switzerland

Dr. Georg Starke is a postdoctoral researcher at the Intelligent Systems Ethics group, College of Humanities at EPFL. He also works and teaches at the Institute for Biomedical Ethics of the University of Basel, Switzerland, where he will complete his PhD in bioethics in early 2022. Georg’s research examines the ethics of using AI in medicine, with particular regard to neurological and psychiatric applications. Beyond AI ethics, Georg is also interested in history and philosophy of science, philosophy of psychiatry, medical ethics, and questions at the intersection of philosophy of mind and comparative psychology. Before moving to Switzerland, he studied medicine at the Technical University of Munich and acquired clinical experience at the University of Buenos Aires, the Hebrew University Jerusalem, and the University of Oxford. He graduated with a medical doctorate from the TUM-Neuroimaging Center where he investigated neural correlates of social fear and social emotion regulation using model-based functional MRI. In parallel to his medical studies, Georg obtained a BA in philosophy from the Munich School of Philosophy and an MPhil in History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science, Technology and Medicine from the University of Cambridge.

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Amanda van Beinum

Amanda van Beinum

Postdoctoral Fellow in Law
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Canada

Amanda van Beinum is a Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Common Law under the supervision of Professor Jennifer Chandler. Amanda’s postdoctoral research employs a critical science and technology studies (STS) perspective to explore the social and technological impacts of deep brain stimulation as an emerging therapy for the treatment of psychiatric illness. Amanda completed her PhD in Sociology at Carleton University where her doctoral work involved an STS-informed analysis of the tensions and meanings of death amidst life-support technology in the intensive care unit. This cross-disciplinary project built on findings from her MSc. (Epidemiology) obtained previously at the University of Ottawa. With training in both science and arts, Amanda has a passion for interdisciplinary work and is drawn to teaching, writing, and researching at critical intersections. She has recently co-designed and taught a course on race and medicine and has published work in medical journals in addition to her ongoing involvement in social science research communities.

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Graduate Students

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Tugba Basaran Akmazoglu

Tugba Basaran Akmazoglu

Ph.D. Candidate in Law
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Canada

Tugba Basaran Akmazoglu is a Ph.D. in Law candidate at the University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law, under the supervision of Prof. Jennifer A Chandler. Her research focuses on the legal regulation of neurotechnologies, and the changing boundaries of human body along with the merger of progressively evolving smart prostheses with the human body. Her dissertation project is informed by philosophy of technology, centred on human-technology co-constitution and individual construction of the self, and personhood issues as well as disability studies and the capabilities approach.
Tugba holds a law degree from the University of Ankara. She received her LL.M. degrees at KU Leuven (with specialization in European Union Law and as a recipient of the Jean Monnet Fellowship of the European Commission), and at the University of Oslo and Leibniz University of Hannover (double degree LL.M within the framework of the European Legal Informatics Study Program in IT Law) and wrote her thesis on the regulation of civil law liability of autonomous service robots.

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Annalisa Colucci

Annalisa Colucci

Doctoral Candidate, Experiment Medecine
Charité – University Medicine Berlin
Berlin, Germany

Annalisa Colucci graduated from the BSc program in Psychological Sciences and Techniques at the University of Turin (Italy) in 2016 and graduated from the MSc degree in Cognitive Neuroscience and Clinical Neuropsychology at the University of Padua (Italy) in 2018. In 2019 Ms. Colucci joined the Clinical Neurotechnology Lab at the Charité –University Medicine Berlin as research assistant, where she is now pursuing a PhD in “Experimental Medicine”. She has been involved in the development and testing of a context-aware, brain-controlled hand exoskeleton for quadriplegic and stroke patients and on the development of a novel entropy-driven Brain Computer Interface. Her current work focuses on combining BCI and closed-loop brain electrical stimulation to foster neuroplasticity and healing processes for damaged neural substrates of sensorimotor functions.

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Flurina Finkbeiner

Flurina Finkbeiner

M.Sc. Candidate, Psychology and Neuroscience
King's College London, U.K.

Flurina Finkbeiner studied her bachelor's degree in Psychology in the United Kingdom. Currently she is pursuing her Master's degree at King's College London in Psychology and Neuroscience of Mental Health. She is also a research assistant in the Clinical Neurotechnology Group headed by Prof. Soekadar at the Charité, Berlin. She joined the Hybrid Minds research group in 2021 where she is building her knowledge in neuroethics, neurotechnology and neuropsychology.

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Mareike Vermehren

Mareike Vermehren

Doctoral Candidate, Medical Neuroscience
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Berlin, Germany

Mareike Vermehren is currently working towards a doctoral degree in medical neuroscience at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, where she is employed as a research associate in the Clinical Neurotechnology Group headed by Prof. Soekadar. She graduated from the BSc program Cognitive Science at the University of Tübingen in 2016 and continued her education with a master's degree in Neural and Behavioural Science in 2017. In 2019, she completed her master's thesis at the University of British Columbia. Her current work focuses on the combination of brain-machine interfaces with closed-loop electric brain stimulation, and the clinical application of brain-machine interfaces for neurorehabilitation.

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